Effect of melatonin on otoprotection in rodents: a systematic review with meta-analysis

Abstract Objectives: To determinate the otoprotective efficacy of melatonin.in experimental models of rodents through a systematic review of the literature. Methods: Altogether, 154 articles were found in four databases. The PICOS strategy (Population, Intervention, Comparison, and Outcome) was used to define the eligibility criteria. Studies that met the inclusion criteria for the second step were included in a qualitative synthesis. Each study type was analyzed with the CAMARADES quality of assessment's checklist and the SYRCLE RoBS risk of bias. Results: Seven articles were selected, and four were included in the meta-analysis. It was possible to obtain seven outcomes according to the standard auditory frequencies presented among the studies, considering a minimum of three standard frequencies. The outcomes analyzed were for the frequencies of 1500, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000, 6000, and 8000 Hz. Conclusion: Melatonin can provide protection against the ototoxic effects of cisplatin and aminoglycosides at 5000 Hz, 6000 Hz, and 8000 Hz, thereby minimizing the reduction in Otoacustic Emissions (OAE) amplitude. The same effect was not observed in the lower frequencies. Despite the limited number of studies that were evaluated, the results appeared consistent in higher frequencies. However, the methodology of the available studies did not meet the necessary methodological rigor that promotes the safe replicability of these studies.

Avaliação audiológica em bebês nascidos de mães que tiveram covid-19 no período gestacional / Audiological assessment in babies born to mothers who had covid-19 during gestation / Evaluación audiológica en bebés nacidos de madres que tenían covid-19 durante la gestación

Introdução: No final de dezembro de 2019, um grupo de casos inexplicáveis de pneumonia foi relatado em Wuhan, China. Alguns dias depois, o agente causador dessa misteriosa doença foi identificado como um novo coronavírus que se disseminou de forma rápida. As infecções maternas, contraídas antes ou durante a gravidez, podem ser transmitidas ao feto, durante a gestação (infecção congênita), durante o parto (infecção perinatal) e pela amamentação (infecção pós-natal) e podem causar danos ao feto ou ao recém-nascido. Objetivo: descrever a avaliação audiológica realizada em uma série de crianças cujas mães tiveram COVID-19, em sua forma leve, no período gestacional. Metodologia: Para a avaliação audiológica foram realizadas a anamnese e os exames de emissões otoacústicas por produto de distorção, nas frequências de 1,5 a 12KHz e pontencial auditivo de tronco encefálico por click. Resultados: A amostra foi composta por 47 recém-nascidos recém-nascidos. Os resultados dos testes das emissões otoacústicas evocadas por produto de distorção indicaram funcionalidade das estruturas avaliadas apontando normalidade da função coclear com nível de resposta adequado para a média de resultados obtidos até a frequência de 11kHz para a amplitude de resposta e para a relação sinal-ruído. Foi possível encontrar em toda a amostra a presença das ondas I, III e V na intensidade de 80dBHL e presença da onda V nas intensidades de 50 e 35dBHL bilateralmente. Conclusão: Não foi estabelecida uma correlação direta da infecção materna pelo vírus da covid-19 com os achados audiológicos nos recém- nascidos. Cabe mencionar que esse foi um estudo preliminar e que essas crianças precisam continuar em acompanhamento para investigação de futuros desfechos tardios no aparelho auditivo.

Introduction: In late December 2019, a cluster of unexplained pneumonia cases was reported in Wuhan, China. A few days later, the causative agent of this mysterious disease was identified as a new coronavirus that spread rapidly. Maternal infections, contracted before or during pregnancy, can be transmitted to the fetus during pregnancy (congenital infection), during childbirth (perinatal infection) and through breastfeeding (postnatal infection) and can cause harm to the fetus or newborn. -born. Objective: to describe the audiological evaluation carried out in a series of children whose mothers had COVID-19, in its mild form, during the gestational period. Methodology: For the audiological evaluation, anamnesis and distortion product otoacoustic emissions tests were carried out, at frequencies from 1.5 to 12KHz and brainstem auditory potential by click. Results: The sample consisted of 47 newborns. The results of the distortion product evoked otoacoustic emissions tests indicated functionality of the evaluated structures, pointing to normal cochlear function with an adequate response level for the average of results obtained up to a frequency of 11kHz for the response amplitude and the signal-to-noise ratio. . It was possible to find in the entire sample the presence of waves I, III and V at an intensity of 80dBHL and the presence of wave V at intensities of 50 and 35dBHL bilaterally. Conclusion: A direct correlation between maternal infection by the Covid-19 virus and audiological findings in newborns was not established. It is worth mentioning that this was a preliminary study and that these children need to continue being monitored to investigate future late outcomes with the hearing aid.

Introducción: A finales de diciembre de 2019, se informó un grupo de casos de neumonía inexplicable en Wuhan, China. Unos días después, el agente causante de esta misteriosa enfermedad fue identificado como un nuevo coronavirus que se propagó rápidamente. Las infecciones maternas, contraídas antes o durante el embarazo, pueden transmitirse al feto durante el embarazo (infección congénita), durante el parto (infección perinatal) y a través de la lactancia (infección posnatal) y pueden causar daños al feto o al recién nacido. Objetivo: describir la evaluación audiológica realizada a una serie de niños cuyas madres tuvieron COVID-19, en su forma leve, durante el período gestacional. Metodología: Para la evaluación audiológica se realizaron pruebas de anamnesis y otoemisiones acústicas de productos de distorsión, en frecuencias de 1,5 a 12KHz y potencial auditivo de tronco encefálico mediante click. Resultados: La muestra estuvo compuesta por 47 recién nacidos. Los resultados de las pruebas de distorsión producto de emisiones otoacústicas evocadas indicaron funcionalidad de las estructuras evaluadas, apuntando a una función coclear normal con un nivel de respuesta adecuado para los resultados promedio obtenidos hasta una frecuencia de 11kHz para la amplitud de respuesta y la relación señal-ruido. . Se pudo encontrar en toda la muestra la presencia de ondas I, III y V con una intensidad de 80dBHL y la presencia de la onda V con intensidades de 50 y 35dBHL de forma bilateral. Conclusión: No se estableció una correlación directa entre la infección materna por el virus Covid-19 y los hallazgos audiológicos en los recién nacidos. Cabe mencionar que este fue un estudio preliminar y que estos niños necesitan seguir siendo monitoreados para investigar futuros resultados tardíos con el audífono.

Melatonin prevents age-related hearing loss in the murin experimental model

Abstract Objective: The present study aimed to perform a morphological and morphometric analysis of cochlear structures of C57BL/6J mice receiving oral melatonin for a 12-month period. Methods: 32 male C57BL/6J were divided into control and melatonin groups. Control received saline and ethanol solution and melatonin group, 50 μL of 10 mg of melatonin/kg/day orally for a 12-month period. After de experiment the animals were sacrificed into a 40% concentration of CO2 chamber, and the blades were morphological and morphometrically analyzed. Results: The melatonin group revealed a higher median density of viable cells (45 ± 10.28 cells/100 μm2, 31-73, vs. 32 ± 7.47 cells/100 μm2, 25-48). The median area of stria vascularis was 55.0 ± 12.27 cells/100 μm2 (38-80) in the control, and 59.0 ± 16.13 cells/100 μm2 (40-134) in the melatonin group. The morphometric analysis of the spiral ligament reveals a higher median of total viable neurons in the melatonin (41 ± 7.47 cells/100 μm2, 27-60) than in the control group (31 ± 5.68 cells/100 μm2, 21-44). Conclusion: Although melatonin is a potent antioxidant, it does not completely neutralize the occurrence of presbycusis; however, it may delay the onset of this condition. Level of evidence: 3.

Hearing Rehabilitation through Bone-Conducted Sound Stimulation: Preliminary Results

Abstract Introduction The bone-anchored hearing aid (BAHA) is a bone conduction system that transmits the sound directly to the inner ear by surpassing the skin impedance and the subcutaneous tissue. It is indicated for patients with mixed, conductive and unilateral sensorineural hearing loss who did not benefit from conventional hearing aids (HAs). Although the benefits from BAHA are well demonstrated internationally, this field still lacks studies in Brazil. Objective To assess the auditory rehabilitation process in BAHA users through audiological, speech perception and tinnitus aspects. Methods Individuals with hearing loss were assessed before and after the implantation. The participants were subjected to pure tone audiometry in free field, functional gain audiometry, speech perception tests, tinnitus handicap inventory (THI) in open format, and to the visual analog scale (VAS). Results It was found that the participants benefited from the use of BAHA. The difference in the performance of the participants before and after the BAHA surgery was significant in terms of hearing acuity. There was no statistically significant difference in the speech perception tests. The tinnitus assessment showed that 80% of the participants scored slight tinnitus severity in THI after using a BAHA. Eighty percent of the participants classified their tinnitus as absent tomild in the VAS after the surgery. Conclusion Based on the results of the current study, we can conclude that the participants improved both the auditory perception and the tinnitus handicap. (AU)

Analysis of electrically evoked compound action potential of the auditory nerve in children with bilateral cochlear implants / Análise do potencial de ação composto do nervo auditivo evocado eletricamente em crianças usuárias de implante coclear bilateral

ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION: The cochlear implant device has the capacity to measure the electrically evoked compound action potential of the auditory nerve. The neural response telemetry is used in order to measure the electrically evoked compound action potential of the auditory nerve. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the electrically evoked compound action potential, through the neural response telemetry, in children with bilateral cochlear implants. METHODS: This is an analytical, prospective, longitudinal, historical cohort study. Six children, aged 1-4 years, with bilateral cochlear implant were assessed at five different intervals during their first year of cochlear implant use. RESULTS: There were significant differences in follow-up time (p = 0.0082) and electrode position (p = 0.0019) in the T-NRT measure. There was a significant difference in the interaction between time of follow-up and electrode position (p = 0.0143) when measuring the N1-P1 wave amplitude between the three electrodes at each time of follow-up. CONCLUSION: The electrically evoked compound action potential measurement using neural response telemetry in children with bilateral cochlear implants during the first year of follow-up was effective in demonstrating the synchronized bilateral development of the peripheral auditory pathways in the studied population.

RESUMO INTRODUÇÃO: O implante coclear tem a capacidade de medir o potencial de ação composto eletricamente evocado do nervo auditivo (ECAP). Para esta verificação utiliza-se uma medida chamada telemetria de respostas neurais. OBJETIVO: Analisar o potencial de ação composto evocado eletricamente, por meio da neurotelemetria de respostas neurais, em crianças usuárias de implante coclear bilateral. MÉTODO: Trata-se de um estudo analítico, prospectivo, de coorte histórica longitudinal. Foram recrutadas seis crianças, com idades entre de 1-4 anos, usuárias de implante coclear bilateral. Estas crianças foram avaliadas em cinco momentos durante o primeiro ano de uso do implante coclear. RESULTADOS: Houve diferença significativa no tempo de acompanhamento (p = 0,0082) e posição do eletrodo (p = 0,0019) na medida de T-NRT. Houve diferença significativa na interação entre tempo de acompanhamento e posição do eletrodo (p = 0,0143) na medida da amplitude das ondas N1-P1 entre os três eletrodos a cada tempo de acompanhamento. CONCLUSÃO: A mensuração do ECAP por meio da NRT nas crianças com implante coclear bilateral durante o primeiro ano de acompanhamento foi uma medida importante para apresentar o desenvolvimento bilateral da via auditiva periférica de forma sincronizada nesta população estudada.

Conhecimento de fonoaudiólogos e otorrinolaringologistas do Distrito Federal acerca do implante coclear / Knowledge of cochlear implants in Federal District Audiologists, Speech-Language Pathologists, and Otolaryngologists

Resumo:OBJETIVO:descrever a auto-avaliação de otorrinolaringologistas e fonoaudiólogos do Distrito Federal acerca do conhecimento em relação ao implante coclear.MÉTODOS:estudo transversal e analítico com coleta de dados obtidos por meio da aplicação de questionários on-line. Participaram do estudo 73 fonoaudiólogos e 33 otorrinolaringologistas que responderam questões acerca do conhecimento do Implante Coclear na cidade de Brasília-Distrito Federal.RESULTADOS:31% (n=22) dos fonoaudiólogos acreditam ter conhecimento suficiente no que se refere ao procedimento cirúrgico, enquanto que no grupo dos otorrinolaringologistas esse número chegou a 59,4% (n=19), apresentando significância estatística entre os grupos (p<0,01). Ambos os grupos mostraram conhecimento insatisfatório em relação ao tipos de implante, mapeamentos, ativação, acompanhamento, custos, manutenção e o IC inserido no SUS.CONCLUSÃO:os profissionais otorrinolaringologistas e fonoaudiólogas pesquisados, atuantes no Distrito Federal, não apresentaram o conhecimento satisfatório acerca do implante coclear na análise geral dos domínios pesquisados.

Abstract:PURPOSE:to describe the self-assessment of Otolaryngologists, Audiologists, and Speech-Language Pathologists from the Federal District on their knowledge concerning cochlear implants.METHODS:cross-sectional and analytical study with data collection obtained by applying online questionnaires.73 Audiologists and Speech-Language Pathologists, and 33 Otolaryngologists participated in the study. They answered questions regarding their knowledge of Cochlear Implants in Brasília - Federal District, Brazil.RESULTS:31% (n=22) of the Audiologists and Speech-Language Pathologists believe they have sufficient knowledge regarding the surgical procedure, whereas in the group of otolaryngologists, the figure was 59.4% (n = 19). Statistical significance between groups is observed (p <0.01). Both groups showed poor knowledge regarding implant types, mappings, activation, monitoring, and maintenance costs and cochlear implantation performed by the SUS (Brazilian Unified Health System).CONCLUSION:Otolaryngologists, Audiologists, and Speech-Language Pathologists surveyed, who work in the Federal District, did not show satisfactory knowledge of the cochlear implant in the overall analysis of the areas surveyed.

The Study of Otoacoustic Emissions and the Suppression of Otoacoustic Emissions in Subjects with Tinnitus and Normal Hearing: An Insight to Tinnitus Etiology

Introduction Analysis of the suppression effect is a simple method to evaluate cochlear status and central auditory mechanisms and, more specifically, the medial olivocochlear system. This structure may be involved in the generation of mechanisms that cause tinnitus and in the pathophysiology of tinnitus in patients with tinnitus and normal hearing. Objective To review the literature of the etiology of tinnitus on the lights of otoacoustic emissions in patients with normal hearing. Data Synthesis Individuals with tinnitus and normal hearing have a higher prevalence of alterations in transient-evoked otoacoustic emissions and distortion-product otoacoustic emissions than normal subjects. This fact suggests that dysfunctions of the outer hair cells (OHCs) might be important in the generation of the tinnitus; however, this feature is not always present in those who have the symptoms of tinnitus. Final Comments These findings suggest that OHC dysfunction is not necessary for tinnitus development—that is, there might be mechanisms other than OHC damage in the tinnitus development. On the other hand, OHC dysfunction alone is not sufficient to cause the symptom, because a great many individuals with OHC dysfunction did not complain about tinnitus. .

Emissões otoacústicas evocadas transientes e por produto de distorção em escolares / Transient evoked otoacustic emissions and distortion product in school children

Após os cinco anos de idade, a principal queixa em crianças que não ouvem normalmente é a dificuldade de aprendizagem. OBJETIVOS: Comparar os resultados suspeitos de perda auditiva pela triagem com os exames de emissões otoacústicas evocadas (EOAE) transientes (EOAT) e por produto de distorção (EOAPD), com dados dos exames audiométricos; observar qual dos dois procedimentos de EOAE responde melhor para triagem em escolares. MATERIAL E MÉTODOS: Avaliar 451 escolares da 1ª série do ensino fundamental, em escolas públicas de São Luís. Foram feitos, na própria escola, os exames otoscópicos com remoção de cerume quando necessário e os exames de EOAT e EOAPD em todos os escolares. Nas crianças que apresentaram alteração em algum dos exames de EOAT e/ou EOAPD foram realizadas a audiometria e imitanciometria. FORMA DE ESTUDO: Prospectivo Transversal. RESULTADOS: Freqüência de 18,6 por cento de rolhas de cerume. Após triagem com EOAT e EOAPD não foi encontrada diferença estatisticamente significante quando comparamos os resultados dos exames que falharam somente nas EOAT e EOAPD com dados dos exames audiométricos, no entanto quando comparado esses dados com falha nos dois exames houve diferença significante (p<0,05). CONCLUSÃO: Os dois procedimentos de EOAE respondem bem á triagem auditiva em escolares.

Past five years of age, the main complaint of children who are hard of hearing is that they have difficulty in learning. AIM: Compare these results to suspected hearing loss, through triage with the exams of evoked otoacoustic emissions (EOAE) transients (TEOAE) and by distortion product (DPEOAE), using data from audiometric exams; observe which of the procedures of EOAE better respond to school children triage. MATERIALS AND METHODS: To evaluate 451 school children, grade one students, from the public schools in São Luís. At school, otoscopic exams with the removal of wax and the TEOAE and DPEOAE exams were also carried on all school children. Audiometry and acoustic impedance were performed on the children who presented alterations at any point during the TEOAE and/or DPEOAE exams. STUDY DESIGN: Transversal- Prospective. RESULTS: 18.6 percent had ear wax. As for the TEOAE and DPEOAE triage, no significant statistic difference was found when comparing the results of the exams which failed only in the TEOAE and DOEOAE with audiometric exam data, nonetheless, when comparing this failure data to both of these exams there was a significant difference (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Both EOAE procedures responded well to the hearing triage in school children.